eurocampus | 德法学校

Year | 年份: 2015
Location | 地点: Shanghai, China | 中国，上海
Status | 状态: competition | 竞赛

Type | 类型: architecture | 建筑
Program | 功能: educational | 教育
Size | 规模: 46000㎡ | 46000平方米
Client | 业主: Eurocampus | 德法学校

Team | 团队: Chen Chen (陈忱), Federico Ruberto, Nicola Saladino, Li Lingfeng (李凌风), Xue Yang (薛扬), Xu Mengze (徐梦泽)

Eurocampus Shanghai is planned to host over 2000 students, with a variety of ages ranging from three to eighteen years. The campus is shared by a French and a German school, each running its own kindergarten, primary school, middle school and high school, while sharing common facilities such as the sports and the cultural center. The designers were asked to propose solutions to the following challenges: defining the spatial configuration of public and private areas for various teaching clusters, managing multiple interweaving circulations, fitting a large amount of outdoor spaces in such a high-density plot.

上海德法学校招收两国年龄3-18岁的2000多名学生。德法两校均包含各自独立运营的幼儿园、小学、中学，同时共享运动与文艺设施。为不同教学功能团组定义公共、半私密、私密空间，对相互交织的多条不同流线进行分时管理，以及如何在这样一个高密度的校园空间中提供尽量多且丰富的户外活动空间，是竞赛任务书向建筑师提出的设计挑战。

Spatial, Relational Organization
Our design strives at constituting a building that, managing complexity through dynamism and interconnectivity, is able to cope with the over-regulations. The educational space nowadays is afflicted by hyper restrictive norms that reduce the potential of architecture to shape the school as the ultimate space of knowledge.

空间关系的组织
学校建筑的规范（朝向，层高，间距等）对空间创新的束缚极为严苛，建筑师创作空间往往相对局促，大多数校园建筑千篇一律毫无特征。我们希望挑战校园设计的普遍范式，在满足规范要求的前提下，提出一个与德法学校实验性的教育理念匹配的充满灵感的全新空间体验。

Thus we aimed at a complex organism with a common principle at its core that defines the site, the buildings, the two schools requirements, the specificity of the various teaching clusters and their correlated classes; a holistic vision that integrates the macro and the micro requirements into one unique organization; a scalar composition that shows at different levels the same characteristics, elements, specificities, that moderates gently its “molar” structures to its “molecular” cells, and vice versa; a building designed neither as an imposing unity nor as a mere sum of discrete elements, but a building formed as a network of relations.

我们的方案致力于利用一个充满变化与动感的“巨构建筑”，组织复杂的流线联系及公私分区。这部多孔而通透的“巨构建筑”在宏观，微观等不同的尺度层次塑造统一连贯的校园空间体验。它决不是一座雄伟的单体，也非互不相关元素的堆叠，而是一部整合了建筑，景观，教学，休闲，室内，室外等复杂关系的空间网络或基础设施。

The general diagram, the massing and the clusters of the building are designed according to three compositional and processual principles, which we call “multiplied ground”, “porosity”, and “connectivity / autonomy”. The three principles work as a cascading formula, a process of diversification of an initially relatively “flat and abstract” surface.

方案的整体概念构思体现了如下三个空间策略：“多层地面”，“多孔性”，“兼具连通和自治性”。正是这三个原则引导着这组建筑逐渐复杂丰富的生成过程。

“Multiplied Ground” is the principle that maximizes the amount of active surfaces, splitting and displacing them on different interrelated and interconnected levels. It is a strategy that works particularly well for a high-density campus, especially with a distributed network of ever changing outdoor spaces and nodal filters that can facilitate the diversification of connections and the typology of enclosures. “Multiplying” is the strategy that smoothens up the transition between the landscape and the building. Given the extreme density of activities on the site, it avoids the creation of a final massing that is oppressive and self-imposing.

“多层地面”的策略试图最大化可利用的户外空间，一系列大小不一又互为联系的户外活动区域被分布在不同的层次而供不同年龄段的学生使用。在如此一个高密度的校园场地来说，这个策略尤为重要，它保证了任务书所提出的数十个具有严格空间要求的户外空间得以实现。这些室外空间特征各不相同，有些开敞，有些围合，有些包含具体的活动设施和功能设定，有些有意的保留灵活性以适应多功能的校园休闲诉求。这些户外空间与室内教学空间之间互为渗透、延伸，他们也是缓和建筑密度，营造一个舒适，放松而有趣的校园空间至关重要的一部分。

The “Porosity” of the massing is our way of distancing internally the activities, producing “filters” of privacy. It’s a principle that works in accordance to and together with the multilayered system of connections previously described. It is a strategy to maximize the natural ventilation and the shading, developed in accordance to the external nodal conjunctions of the networks, and the internal break-through and passage ways of the schools. The amplification of the building porosity is shaped and studied to pair the internal clusters defined by the brief and to allow different degrees of permeability and accessibility.

“多孔性”的体型策略不仅使得相对较大的建筑体量能在内部提供足够的渗透性，一方面控制建筑内部各活动空间之间的疏离程度，创造一系列尺度亲人的（半）围合空间；另一方面作为被动式节能的气候策略，适应上海地区炎热多雨的特征，尽可能多的提供自然通风和遮阳遮雨，实现“共同屋面”的构想——在不利气候条件下，学生可以穿过一系列有遮蔽的灰空间到达校园的各个空间。这与上一段“多层地面”所提到的多层串联的外部空间系统是相辅相成的。

Finally, the concept of “connectivity / autonomy” works as a conceptual tool, a way for us to sort and refine the two previous principles. It is a layer that helps organize the multiplicity of the very diverse activities in accordance to their needs, generating an overall balanced, congruous and consistent building massing. It is a way to assure and evaluate the needed privacy and the level of connectivity of each single activity.

最后，“连接/自治”的概念指导了校园功能组团的分布，它与上文的两个空间概念一同，完成了整个校园的空间组织。位于校园西北的德国学校，校园西南的法国学校互为独立，并均与位于东侧的共享区域（运动与文艺等）在中央公共活动区域（多功能厅，食堂等）相连。这四个功能组团均可以独立或联合运营，特别是运动与表演中心也特别在动线上兼顾周末向社区单独开放的可能。除了少数供特定班级教室使用的活动平台外，所有的开放空间都可以实现彼此的室外联通，并最终通向位于校园东侧的主操场。

site and program
The study resulting from ‘the site’ conditions and ‘the brief’ requirements delineated a scenario of extreme spatial density, from which we developed a set of macro-decisions sorted within two orders of importance, two layers: “Accesses and Parking” and “Program and Connections”.

场地和活动
从场地现状和设计任务书来看，该项目的建筑密度很大。基于此，我们采用了一套宏观措施，将其分成两个层面：“通道与停车”以及“活动与连接”。

A - The macro layer “Accesses and Parking” is sub-divided into several sub-layers. In this set, the relation plot/context is punctually specified and developed. The specific functional requirements for the general circulation (car/bus, students/visitors, goods…) are designed and integrated in an extensive and complex network of relations and connections that, rather than overwhelming the design, contribute to shaping it. It defines: General entrances, School entrances, Bus entrance, Fire track accesses.

A - 宏观上，“通道和停车”会被再分成若干个次级层面。这样，周边环境关系才能准确地得以细化并扩展。为实现整体流线（汽车/公交、学生/游客、货物等）的功能，具体的需求被整合到了一个大而复杂的联通网络中，这个网络并不是要压倒设计而是塑造设计。该网络规定的内容有普通入口、学校入口、公交车入口以及消防通道。

B - The macro layer “Program and Connections” defines the points of exchange and the degree of programmatic permeability working on: the program (Public / Private / Service), the varying degrees of spatial typology (transition between Indoor / Outdoor).

B -宏观上，“活动和连接”决定了活动交叉点的位置以及各类活动间(公共/私人/服务）或者不同空间类型之间（室内与室外之间的过渡）的互动程度。

The indoor and outdoor circulations are tailored around the building program and they weave together some of the aspects considered in the site analysis. The main elements and the design intentions that determine the programmatic arrangement aim at a dynamic integration of the connective flows together with an overall balanced spatial composition.

室内和室外的流线巧妙地被安排在建筑方案之中，也将场地分析内容融入其中。决定功能分区的主要因素以及设计目的是为了建立一个动态的由互相关联的流线和整体平衡的空间构成的集合。

PAC, Sport Center Concept and Outdoor Area Concept
The essential and central position of the Performing Art Center is the fulcrum of the plot, where the activities of the two schools meet, where the connection between the indoor sports center, the school main lobby and the visitors’ entrance on the North side are carefully mediated.

表演艺术中心、体育中心概念和室外场地概念
表演艺术中心位于整个地块最重要的中心位置，作为周边环境的支点，使这两所学校的活动有了共同的平台，也使风雨操场与学校大厅以及北面的访客入口之间产生了巧妙的协调联系。

The whole complex center (PAC, swimming pool and indoor sports) works as an interwoven terracing system, facilitating multiplicity of programs and connections to be activated independently or at unison.

整个综合中心（表演艺术中心、游泳池和室内体育场馆）如互相交织的阶梯系统，可支持多项活动单独或者同时进行。

The indoor sports center, facing the outdoor running track, smoothens (it is sunken at -5.5 meters) the transition between the building and the landscape on the East side. The outdoor seating area is designed as a morphological transition; it is not a self-contained object but an element that links the roof of the sports center, the bridges coming from the building and the platform on the ground level.

正对着户外跑道的风雨操场低于地面5.5米，使东边的建筑和景观之间的过渡更加自然流畅。户外座椅区作为形态上的过渡，并非独立的个体，而是连接体育场屋顶、天桥及地面层的元素。

Outdoor Spaces
The outdoor can be seen as a layered topography, as the conjunction and interrelation of three conditions: gardens, deck platforms, and roof terraces. It is a system that enhances “natural feelings”, linking and mediating the building with outdoor perspectives. The landscape is practically a seamless and natural extension of the indoor space; it percolates into/over the building via/as glazed courtyards, indoor gardens, and easily accessible open terraces.

户外空间
户外空间可以视作一种层级地势，将花园、平台和屋顶平台连接起来。该系统加强了“自然之感”，将建筑和户外视线连接并协调起来。景观作为室内空间向外的无缝自然延伸，通过院落、室内花园和便捷开放式平台渗透到建筑之中。

The green network, for example, is designed to be on different levels, ranging from a series of sunken gardens that bring light to the underground, to a number of “private” outdoor spaces on the ground level, and to several roof terraces: from each point of view, the vision can span through layers of spaces and platforms, infiltrating each interstice of the building and liberating the eyes, creating a perceptual “depth-of-field”.

以绿色网络为例，它由若干层面构成，从几处下沉花园（底部通透可以给地下提供光线）延伸到几处地面私人户外空间和几座屋顶平台：从每一个角度，人的视野都可以穿越层层空间和平台，渗透到建筑的每一个缝隙，从而解放双眼，感知场地的深度。